Libido in men is downstream of testosterone, dopaminergic signaling, and (less directly) growth hormone. The most robust evidence is for testosterone replacement: the T-Trials (Snyder et al., NEJM 2016) showed statistically significant improvements in sexual desire, sexual activity, and erectile function in men with confirmed hypogonadism over 12 months.
PT-141 (bremelanotide, a melanocortin receptor agonist) is FDA-approved for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women and is used off-label for men. The mechanism is central rather than vascular: it acts on melanocortin 4 receptors in the hypothalamus, separate from the testosterone axis. Kisspeptin, currently in clinical trials, modulates GnRH release and shows early signal in HSDD studies.
For women, the picture is more variable. Testosterone in women is used at much lower doses (typically 4–10 mg/week) and the trial evidence is thinner. PT-141 has the strongest regulatory dataset in this group.
Anchor citation: Snyder PJ et al.. Effects of Testosterone Treatment in Older Men (T-Trials). New England Journal of Medicine, 2016.